Using the most accurate and detailed cosmological simulations available, an international team has made an exciting prediction that may shed new light on our understanding of the universe: a large population of faint galaxies in our cosmic neighborhood await discovery.

The study focuses on ultra-diffuse galaxies: faint galaxies with masses of up to one billion Suns – about one-thousandth of the mass of the Milky Way – that are spread over an area comparable to the size of our Milky Way. This makes them very faint and difficult to observe, and as a result, they remain poorly understood.

The researchers believe that the Local Group, a small cluster that currently contains approximately 60 known galaxies, including our home galaxies the Milky Way and Andromeda, holds the best prospects for further discoveries. While only two ultra-diffuse galaxies have been found in the Local Group so far, scientists believe that understanding the total number of ultra-diffuse galaxies in the Local Group is crucial to our understanding of the cosmos.

So, how many more lurk in our cosmic backyard? To find out, the international team examined state-of-the-art supercomputer simulations of our cosmic neighborhood. Named after the ancient Greek goddess of the home, the HESTIA simulations are the most accurate and detailed simulations of the Milky Way and its immediate neighborhood in existence. The simulations predict that there may be as many as 12 ultra-diffuse galaxies waiting to be discovered in the Local Group. Based on an analysis of the ultra-diffuse galaxies’ properties in the HESTIA simulations, the team believes several of these galaxies could be directly observable using existing data from surveys such as the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.

The discovery of these new galaxies could have far-reaching implications for our understanding of galaxy formation and evolution. Current models suggest that up to half of the low-mass galaxies in the universe could be extended and diffuse, and most of them will be unobservable with our current technological capabilities. As the number of galaxies in the universe is a strong prediction of various cosmological models, the size of the population of ultra-diffuse galaxies in the Local Group could be used to rule out some of these models.

An international team of climate scientists uncovers the physical mechanisms that can cause uneven future warming in the Indian Ocean and corresponding shifts in monsoon precipitation. 

Even though Global Warming is happening globally, some areas warm faster than others in response to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. The corresponding climate change temperature difference pattern causes large-scale changes in winds and weather systems, impacting societies and ecosystems. Previous work has mainly focused on the well-known Arctic amplification pattern and on the projected east/west temperature difference in the equatorial Pacific, which in turn can impact regions far outside the tropics. Little attention has been paid so far to the mechanisms that cause uneven heating in the Indian Ocean and related impacts on wind and rainfall in the adjacent land area.

By analyzing data from one of the most extensive future climate change simulations performed to date (the ICCP/CESM Large-Ensemble simulation of the Community Earth System Model, version 2), the team of scientists from South Korea and Japan was able to pinpoint why over the next decades the tropical eastern Indian Ocean is expected to warm less than the Arabian Sea and the Southeastern Indian Ocean (Figure).

A key area identified by the researchers to explain the uneven Indian Ocean warming is the area west of Indonesia, where under present-day conditions colder deep waters occasionally upwell to the surface. This connection between surface and deeper ocean waters serves as a thermostat, which explains the weakened future regional warming signal relative to other Indian Ocean areas. In the tropics, air rises in warmer areas and tends to sink in colder regions.  The reduced eastern equatorial Indian warming is therefore accompanied by higher-than-normal sea level pressure and winds that blow toward the Arabian Sea. 

“Changes in the winds automatically influence the ocean circulation. In our case, stronger future winds blowing from Indonesia towards the Arabian Peninsula push more tropical waters toward the Arabian Sea. This leads to accelerated warming of the ocean there” says Sahil Sharma, a Ph.D. student at the IBS Center for Climate Physics (ICCP) and Pusan National University, South Korea, and the first writer of the study. 

“Enhanced future warming in the Arabian Sea will further reduce atmospheric surface pressure and generate more rainfall, also in the adjacent regions.  Climate models show on average a 50% intensification of mean rainfall over the southern Arabian Peninsula and parts of western India by the year 2100 if CO₂ emissions are not cut drastically.”, says Prof. Kyung-Ja Ha from the IBS Center for Climate Physics and Pusan National University and corresponding author of the study.

The writers further highlighted the southeastern Indian ocean as a regional global warming hotspot. In this region, future surface warming induced by greenhouse gases can be further amplified by a reduction of clouds and more sunshine arriving at the surface of the ocean.

“The Indian Ocean is a peculiar region. Ocean currents are less efficient in transporting excess heating from Global Warming to higher latitudes, as compared to other ocean basins. The northern transport route is blocked by land. This means that we find a very different temperature response pattern in the Indian Ocean, which emerges from a combination of oceanic and atmospheric processes, including winds and clouds ”, says Dr. Keith Rodgers from the IBS Center for Climate Physics, co-author of the study.

This study was made possible by using a climate computer model experiment, which was previously conducted on the ICCP/IBS supercomputer Aleph. Rather than running a climate model only once into the future for a given greenhouse gas forcing, the researcher ran 100 simulations into the future which represent different realizations of the internal variability in the climate system.

This new modeling resource has been instrumental in identifying the complex interplay between the ocean and atmosphere which is responsible for the Indian Ocean warming pattern. This understanding will be useful for informing fisheries and other marine resource management concerns.

The research team will further explore how climate change will impact other regional processes in the Indian Ocean area, including marine ecosystems and sea levels.