Tyler O'Neal, Staff Editor SCIENCE

Dutch prof analysis predicts how waves are confined within a crystal

Figure 1: Illustration of a 3-dimensional crystal with various types of confining centres. Blue spheres represent unmodified unit cells, and red spheres are confining centres. (a) Crystal with four confining centres, each trapping waves (yellow) in all three dimensions (c=3) simultaneously. (b) Crystal with a linear confining centre where waves can propagate in 1 dimension, analogous to an optical fibre (c=2). (c) Crystal with a planar confining centre where waves can propagate in 2 dimensions, analogous to a 2D electron gas (c=1).Manipulating elusive waves like light, sound, or electrons, in periodic structures or crystals, has something mysterious. In the leading physics journal Physical Review Letters, published by the American Physical Society, a team of researchers from the University of Twente now describes how any kind of wave, whether quantum or classical, is confined in any kind of crystal. The results will notably boost efficient new integrated circuits that steer information encoded in tiny light pulses through smart cities.

Waves represent an inseparable part of our everyday life, whether we listen to music, observe our reflection in a mirror, or experience the ocean rocking a sailing ship. A central challenge in manipulating waves for applications requires the ability to confine the waves in small regions in space. Scientists already know that it’s possible by deliberately introducing tailored deviations from perfect periodicity into the crystal. But how exactly are the waves locked up? Are they confined in all dimensions simultaneously, or do they retain the freedom to move along a line or in a plane? Remarkably, the key step from having the crystal’s structure to predicting the confinement of waves had not been taken until now.

DESIGNING CRYSTALS

You might be familiar with crystals formed by minerals in nature. Such crystals can be used to confine quantum-mechanical electronic waves. Man-made crystals of silicon have led to the discovery of electronic transistors, the basis for the ongoing digital revolution. We now know that there are other types of crystals, that can confine and manipulate different types of waves like light, sound, and potentially even earthquakes.

Having a crystal at hand is not enough to confine waves. The internal structure of the crystal must specifically suit the desired application. To make matters more complicated, there are infinite possibilities for this structure, considering all conceivable building blocks and their arrangements in the crystal. Until now, scientists and engineers trying to confine waves had to rely on their intuition, guesswork, and costly trial-and-error experiments. Figure 2: Confinement analysis of a 2-dimensional quantum crystal for electrons in the semiconductor hexagonal boron-nitride with a nitrogen vacancy. (a) Dispersion relations of the crystal. (b) Ratio of the confinement volume to confinement energy computed for each propagating band of waves. Red points correspond to bands in the crystal with size N = 5, and black points represent the smaller reference N0 = 3 crystal. With the increased size, bands with c=2 confinement move down and bands with c=0 move up in the graph and are thus clearly distinguished. Due to the wave confinement geometry, it turns out there are no c=1 bands.

GENERIC APPROACH

In their Physical Review Letters paper, the Twente researchers present a robust analysis tool that predicts how waves are confined within a crystal, using only the crystal’s structure as input. First author and Ph.D. student Marek Kozon MSc explains: “A central parameter in our analysis is a ‘confinement dimensionality’ that we have invented. It describes the confinement for each possible wave.” COPS group leaders prof dr Willem Vos and prof dr Ad Lagendijk add enthusiastically: “We got excited when we realized from discussions with Marek that our method pertains not only to classical waves such as sound and light but also quantum waves such as electrons in tiny nanostructures.” Based on the new know-how, the designers of crystals can now benefit from new ‘rules of thumb’ for specific applications, resulting in highly simplified and thus efficient design processes. MACS group leaders dr Matthias Schlottbom and prof dr Jaap van der Vegt adds: “Our results are relevant for efficient information processing in new photonic and electronic chips that will populate future smart cities.”

This research was done in the groups Complex Photonic Systems (COPS) and Mathematics of Computational Science (MACS), both part of UT’s MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology. The paper ‘Scaling theory of wave confinement in classical and quantum periodic systems’, by Marek Kozoň, prof dr Ad Lagendijk, dr Matthias Schlottbom, prof dr Jaap van der Vegt and prof dr Willem Vos, has been published in Physical Review Letters in October 2022.

The work is supported by the Shell-NWO/FOM program "Computational Sciences for Energy Research" (CSER), by the NWO-TTW Perspectief program P15-36 ‘Free-form scattering optics’ (FFSO), by the NWO Open Competitie ENW-GROOT “Self-Assembled lcosahedral Photonic Quasicrystals with a Band Gap for Visible Light”, and MESA+ section Applied Nanophotonics (ANP).

Japanese prof Osada brings quantum supercomputing one step closer to implementation

Tyler O'Neal, Staff Editor SCIENCE

Scientists from the University of Tokyo invented a way to cool down and measure the motion of a trapped electron in the quantum regime using hybrid quantum systems. CREDIT Alto Osada, The University of TokyoQuantum computers are powerful computational devices that rely on quantum mechanics, or the science of how particles like electrons and atoms interact with the world around them. These devices could potentially be used to solve certain kinds of computational problems in a much shorter amount of time. Scientists have long hoped that quantum supercomputing could be the next great advance in computing; however, existing limitations have prevented the technology from hitting its true potential. For these computers to work, the basic unit of information integral to their operation, known as quantum bits, or qubits, need to be stable and fast.

Qubits are represented both by simple binary quantum states and by various physical implementations. One promising candidate is a trapped electron that levitates in a vacuum. However, controlling the quantum states, especially the vibrational motions, of trapped electrons can be difficult.

In a paper published in Physical Review Research, researchers identified possible solutions to some of the limitations of qubits for quantum supercomputing. They looked at two different hybrid quantum systems: an electron-superconducting circuit and an electron-ion coupled system. Both systems were able to control the temperature and the movement of the electron.

“We found a way to cool down and measure the motion of an electron levitated in a vacuum, or a trapped electron, both in the quantum regime,” said Assistant Professor Alto Osada at the Komaba Institute for Science at the University of Tokyo. “With the feasibility of quantum-level control of the motion of trapped electrons, the trapped electron becomes more promising and attractive for quantum-technology applications, such as quantum computing.”

The proposed systems that the researchers focused on included an electron trapped in a vacuum called a Paul trap interacting with superconducting circuits and a trapped ion. Because ions are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged, when they are trapped together, they move toward each other because of a phenomenon called Coulomb attraction. Because the electron has such a light mass, the interactions between the electron and circuit and the electron and the ion were particularly strong. They also found that they were able to control the temperature of the electron using microwave fields and optical lasers.

Another important metric that the researchers used to measure the success of their calculations was the phonon mode of the electron. Phonon refers to a unit of energy that characterizes a vibration, or, in this case, the oscillation of the trapped electron. The desirable result was a single-phonon readout and ground-state cooling. Ground-state cooling refers to the frozen state of the electron. Researchers were able to accomplish these through the two hybrid systems they analyzed. “Highly efficient and high-fidelity quantum operations are available in the trapped-electron system,” said Osada. “This novel system manifests itself as a new playground for the development of quantum technologies.”

Looking ahead, researchers note that additional experimental research will need to be done to see if their methods can be implemented and applied to quantum computing. For example, they plan to demonstrate their idea with a proof-of-concept experiment. “We are planning to examine our schemes using electrons trapped in a microwave cavity,” said Osada. “Through this research, we will be able to get another step closer toward precise quantum operations and toward the implementation of quantum computation.”

Danish prof shatters data transmission record with a single optical chip

Tyler O'Neal, Staff Editor SCIENCE

COLOURBOX5571106 farver frekvenser web cd6e4Their data transmission method uses significantly less power and can help reduce the Internet’s climate footprint.

An international group of researchers from the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) and the Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden have achieved dizzying data transmission speeds and are the first in the world to transmit more than 1 petabit per second (Pbit/s) using only a single laser and a single optical chip. 1 petabit corresponds to 1 million gigabits.

In the experiment, the researchers succeeded in transmitting 1.8 Pbit/s, which corresponds to twice the total global Internet traffic. And only carried by the light from one optical source. The light source is a custom-designed optical chip, which can use the light from a single infrared laser to create a rainbow spectrum of many colors, i.e. many frequencies. Thus, a single laser's one frequency (color) can be multiplied into hundreds of frequencies (colors) in a single chip.

All the colors are fixed at a specific frequency distance from each other - just like the teeth on a comb - which is why it is called a frequency comb. Each color (or frequency) can then be isolated and used to imprint data. The frequencies can then be reassembled and sent over optical fiber, thus transmitting data. Even a huge volume of data, as the researchers have discovered.

One single laser can replace thousands

The experimental demonstration showed that a single chip could easily carry 1.8 Pbit/s, which—with modern state-of-the-art commercial equipment—would otherwise require more than 1,000 lasers.

Victor Torres Company, associate professor at the Chalmers University of Technology, is head of the research group that has developed and manufactured the chip.

“What is special about this chip is that it produces a frequency comb with ideal characteristics for fiber-optical communications – it has high optical power and covers a broad bandwidth within the spectral region that is interesting for advanced optical communications,” says Victor Torres Company.

Interestingly enough, the chip was not optimized for this particular application.

“In fact, some of the characteristic parameters were achieved by coincidence and not by design,” says Victor Torres Company. “However, with efforts in my team, we are now capable to reverse engineering the process and achieve with high reproducibility micro combs for target applications in telecommunications.”

Enormous potential for scaling

In addition, the researchers created a computational model to theoretically examine the fundamental potential for data transmission with a single chip identical to the one used in the experiment. The calculations showed enormous potential for scaling up the solution.

Professor Leif Katsuo Oxenløwe, Head of the Centre of Excellence for Silicon Photonics for Optical Communications (SPOC) at DTU, says: “Our calculations show that—with the single chip made by the Chalmers University of Technology, and a single laser—we will be able to transmit up to 100 Pbit/s. The reason for this is that our solution is scalable—both in terms of creating many frequencies and in terms of splitting the frequency comb into many spatial copies and then optically amplifying them, and using them as parallel sources with which we can transmit data. Although the comb copies must be amplified, we do not lose the qualities of the comb, which we utilize for spectrally efficient data transmission.”